Urban ecosystems refer to the environmental, social, and economic systems present in urban areas, including cities and towns. These ecosystems are characterized by a high level of human activity, built infrastructure, and green spaces such as parks, gardens, and street trees. Research in urban ecosystems focuses on understanding the interactions between humans and the environment in urban settings, as well as the impacts of urbanization on biodiversity, air and water quality, and climate change. This field of study also explores ways to promote sustainable urban development, enhance the resilience of urban ecosystems, and improve the quality of life for urban residents. Researchers in this area may study a variety of topics, such as urban wildlife ecology, urban agriculture, green infrastructure, and the effects of urbanization on local ecosystems. By studying urban ecosystems, scientists and policymakers can develop strategies to mitigate environmental challenges in cities, promote biodiversity conservation, and create healthier and more livable urban environments for all residents.